Clima polar
Keywords: Clima polar, América, Antártica, Canadá, Eurásia, Rússia
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Os climas polares caracterizam-se pelas temperaturas médias abaixo dos 10 °C durante todos os meses do ano:
Clima de Tundra
O mais quente dos meses apresenta temperaturas médias entre 0 °C e 10 °C. Este tipo de clima ocorre, no hemisfério Norte, no norte da América e Eurásia, e em ilhas próximas; e no hemisfério Sul, na Antártica, especialmente na Península de Palmer, e ilhas circundantes.
Examplos: Iqaluit, Nunavut (Canadá); Provideniya, Rússia; Ilha Deception, Antárctica.
ET is also found at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the timber line - as at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Ice Cap climate (EF): All twelve months have average temperatures below 0 °C. This climate is dominant in Antarctica (e.g., Scott Base) and in inner Greenland (e.g., Eismitte).
Occasionally, a third, lower-case letter is added to ET climates if either the summer or winter is clearly drier than the other half of the year; thus Qikiqtaruk, or Herschel Island, off the coast of Canada's Yukon Territory, becomes ETw, with Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyrenees acquiring an ETs designation. If the precipitation is more or less evenly spread throughout the year, ETf may be used, such as for Hebron, Labrador. When the option to include this letter is exercised, the same standards that are used for Groups C and D apply, with the additional requirement that the wettest month must have an average of at least 30 mm precipitation (Group E climates can be as dry or even drier than Group B climates based on actual precipitation received, but their rate of evaporation is much lower). Seasonal precipitation letters are almost never attached to EF climates, mainly due to the difficulty in distinguishing between falling and blowing snow, as snow is the sole source of moisture in these climates.