Sacrifício

Keywords: Sacrifício, Alimento, Animal, Atabaque, Axogun, Axé, Babalorixá, Baseball, Candomblé

REDIRECT Predefinição:Emtraducao2

Sacrifício é a prática de oferecer alimento, ou a vida de animais ou pessoas para os deuses, como um ato de propiciação ou culto. O termo é usado também metaforicamente para descrever atos de altruísmo, abnegação e renúncia em favor de outrem.

Conteúdo

1 Teologia do sacrifício

2 Sacrifice in Judaism

3 Animal sacrifice

4 Sacrificio Humano

5 Candomblé

6 Sacrifices in games

7 Veja também

8 Further Reading

9 External links

Teologia do sacrifício

A teologia do sacrifício permanece uma questão em aberto, não apenas para as religiões que ainda realizam rituais de sacrifício, mas também para as religiões que não mais os praticam, ainda que suas escrituras, tradições e histórias façam menção ao sacrifício de animais. As religiões apresentam diversas razões pelas quais os sacrifícios podem ser realizados.

Os deuses necessitam do sacrifício para seu sustento e para a manutenção de seu poder, que diminuíria sem o sacrifício.
Os bens sacrificais são utilizados para realizar uma troca com os deuses, que prometeram favores aos homens em retribuição pelos sacrifícios.
A vida e o sangue das vítimas dos sacrifícios contêm mana ou algum outro poder sobrenatural, cuja oferenda agrada os deuses
A vítima do sacrifício é oferecida como bode expiatório, um alvo para a ira dos deuses, que de outra maneira recairia sobre todos os homens.
Sacrifice deprives the followers of food and other useful commodities, and as such constitutes an ascetic discipline.
Sacrificed goods actually become part of a religious organisation's revenue; it is a part of the economic base of support that compensates priests and supports temples.
The sacrifice is actually a part of a festival and is ultimately consumed by the followers themselves.
In the Hebrew Bible, God issues a number of commandments for Israelites to offer animal sacrifices in the portable sanctuary, known as the Tabernacle. Once the Israelites were settled in the land of Canaan, all sacrifices were ordered to be ended except those offered in the Temple in Jerusalem. In the Bible God asks for sacrifices as a sign of a covenant between himself and the Israelite people.

Sacrifice in Judaism

See related article on Korban.

In Judaism, a sacrifice is known as a Korban from the Hebrew root karov meaning to "[come] Close [to God]". Medieval Jewish rationalists like Maimonides reinterpreted the need for sacrifice. In this view, God always held sacrifice inferior to prayer and philosophical meditation. However, God understood that the Israelites were used to the animal sacrifices that the surrounding pagan tribes used as the primary way to commune with their gods. As such, in Maimonides' view, it was only natural that Israelites would believe that sacrifice were be a necessary part of the relationship between God and man. Maimonides concludes that God's decision to allow sacrifices was a concession to human psychological limitations. It would have been too much to have expected the Israelites to leap from pagan worship to prayer and meditation in one step. In the Guide to the Perplexed he writes:

"But the custom which was in those days general among men, and the general mode of worship in which the Israelites were brought up consisted in sacrificing animals... It was in accordance with the wisdom and plan of God...that God did not command us to give up and to discontinue all these manners of service. For to obey such a commandment would have been contrary to the nature of man, who generally cleaves to that to which he is used; it would in those days have made the same impression as a prophet would make at present [the 12th Century ] if he called us to the service of God and told us in His name, that we should not pray to God nor fast, nor seek His help in time of trouble; that we should serve Him in thought, and not by any action." (Book III, Chapter 32. Translated by M. Friedlander, 1904, The Guide for the Perplexed, Dover Publications, 1956 edition.)

The teachings of the Torah and Tanakh reveal Judaism's abhorrence of human sacrifices.

Animal sacrifice

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Sacrifice

is the ritual killing of an animal as part of a religion. It is practiced by many religions as a means of appeasing a god or gods or changing the course of nature. Animal sacrifice has turned up in almost all cultures, from the Hebrews to the Greeks and Romans and from the Aztecs to the Yoruba. Animal sacrifice is still practiced today by the followers of Santería as a means of curing the sick and giving thanks to the gods. It is appropriately termed animal offerings and account for extremely small portions of "ebbos", ritual activities that include offerings, prayer and deeds, in Santeria.

Sacrificio Humano

Sacrificio humano was practiced by many ancient cultures. People would be ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease some god or spirit. While not widely known, human sacrifices for religious reasons still exist today in a number of nations, including India.

Some occasions for human sacrifice found in multiple cultures on multiple continents include:

Human sacrifice to accompany the dedication of a new temple or bridge.
Sacrifice of people upon the death of a king, high priest or great leader; the sacrificed were supposed to serve or accompany the deceased leader in the next life.
Human sacrifice in times of natural disaster. Droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions etc were seen as a sign of anger or displeasure by deities, and sacrifices were supposed to lessen the divine ire.

Some of the best known ancient human sacrifice was that practiced by various Pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica. The Aztec were particularly noted for practicing this on an unusually large scale; a human sacrifice would be made every day to aid the Sun in rising, the dedication of the great temple at Tenochtitlán was reportedly marked with the sacrificing of thousands, and there are multiple accounts of captured Conquistadores being sacrificed during the wars of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico.

In Scandinavia, the old Scandinavian religion contained human sacrifice and both the Norse sagas and German historians relate of this, see e.g. Temple at Uppsala and Blót.

There is evidence to suggest Pre-Hellenistic Minoan cultures practised human sacrifice. Sacrificed corpses were found at a number of sites in the citadel of Knossos in Crete, one such find at the North house in Knossos numbered 337 bones of children who appear to have been butchered. It is possible they may have been for human consumption as was the tradition with sacrificical offerings made in Hellenistic Civilization.The evidence that this practice was widespread throughout Minoan culture is not strong. It is also possible that the human sacrifices at Crete were one off occurances as Knossos did befall an epic tectonic natural disaster around the time at which these sites would have been preserved. Hence these human sacrifices could be explained in terms of the Minoans desperation in the situation and being far from routine procedures. The temple of Anemospilia at Knossos exemplifies this view. Here they found a the sacrifice of a teenager which was interupted by the temple collapsing on the participants due to the tectonic activitity at the time. The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur (set in the labyrinth at Knossos) provides evidence that Human sacrifice was commonplace. In the myth we are told that Athens sent seven young men and seven young women to Crete as human sacrifices to the Minotaur. This ties up well with the archeological evidence that most sacrifices were of young adults or children. This view contrasts with the utopian view of the minoans propagated by the archeologist Arthur Evans.

Human sacrifice still happens today as an underground practice in some traditional religions, for example in muti killings. Human sacrifice is no longer officially condoned in any country, and these cases are regarded as murder.

Many people in India are adherents of a religion called Tantrism; a small percent of unscrupulous Tantric practitioners engage in human sacrifice, often with the promise of inducing childbirth in a sterile couple (see Further Reading).

In the Aeneid by Virgil the character Sinon claims that he was going to be a human sacrifice to Poseidon to calm the seas (of course Sinon was lying).

O Sacrificio humano é um assunto comum nas religiões e mitologia de diversas culturas.

Christians acreditam que a morte de Jesus foi o perfeito sacrifício que pode no purificar de pecados.

Candomblé

Sacrifício - vem da palavra sacrificar que no sentido religioso é oferecer em holocausto por meio de cerimônias próprias. Sua origem etimológica é sacr (de origem provavelmente judaica) e a palavra latina ofício.

No candomblé, esta parte do ritual denominada de sacrifício não é propriamente secreta; porém não se realiza em geral senão diante de um número muito pequeno de pessoas, todas fazendo parte da religião. Teme-se sem dúvida que a vista do sangue revigore entre os não iniciados os estereótipos correntes sobre a barbárie ou o caráter supersticioso da religião africana.

Uma pessoa especializada no sacrifício, o Axogun, que tem essa função na hierarquia sacerdotal, é quem o realiza ou, na sua falta o babalorixá pode realizar. O Axogun não poderá deixar o animal sentir dor ou sofrer porque nesse caso a oferenda não será aceita pelo Orixá.

O objeto do sacrifício, que é sempre um animal, muda conforme o Orixá ao qual é oferecido; trata-se conforme a terminologia tradicional, ora de um animal de duas patas, ora de um animal de quatro patas, isto é, (galinha, pombo, bode, carneiro). Na realidade não se trata de um único sacrifício, sempre que se for fazer um sacrifício à qualquer Orixá, antes terá que ser feito um para Exú, que deve ser sempre o primeiro a ser servido.

Esse sacrifício não é só uma oferenda aos Orixás, todas as partes do animal vão servir de alimento, nada é jogado fora. O couro dos animais são usados para encourar os atabaques, o animal inteiro é limpo e cortado em partes, algumas partes são preparadas para os Orixás e o restante é preparado para todos comerem. Tudo é aproveitado, mesmo a parte que foi oferecida aos Orixás, depois de algumas horas, é distribuída entre os filhos da casa como o Axé do Orixá.

É usada para confraternização, união dos filhos que comem juntamente com o pai ou mãe e distribuição do Axé gerado pelo Orixá. (Acredita-se que após algum tempo que a comida esteja no Peji ela fica impregnada pelo Axé do Orixá).

O sacrifício no candomblé é a renovação do Axé, é feito uma vez por ano para cada Orixá da casa ou em circunstâncias especiais.

Sacrifices in games

Sacrifice is also used metaphorically to describe a number of plays in games. Sacrifices, in this sense, are plays that deliberately lose pieces or opportunities in order to obtain some other advantage.

In chess, a number of plays are described as sacrifices: these typically involve losing a piece or a pawn to disrupt the opponent's formation and open up an attack. Chess openings that involve sacrifices are usually called gambits by chess players; in these gambits, usually a pawn is deliberately lost; gambits that lose a piece are rare and risky. In baseball, a sacrifice fly is a play in which a batter deliberately allows himself to be called out so as to enable another player on base to score.

Sacrifice is also the name of a computer game released by Shiny entertainment in the year of 2000. For more information about the computer game, see Sacrifice (PC game).

Veja também

Human sacrifice, Child sacrifice, Ritual murder, Sati
Propitiation
Martyrdom
Scapegoat
Immolation
Celts and human sacrifice
Ashvamedha
Quetzalcoatl
Jephthah
Greek mythology, Lycaeus, Iphigenia
Nordic religion (Norse mythology)
Behanzin
Axogun